Key benchmarks for transitioning from peacekeeping to peacebuilding are used to determine when the process of peace consolidation is sufficiently advanced to allow for the termination or hand-over of mission responsibilities. These benchmarks are not standardized, and the specific ones used will differ depending on the underlying causes of the conflict and the dynamics at play. They must be developed in close collaboration with the rest of the UN system, the national authorities, civil society, and other relevant stakeholders. The benchmarks should reflect real progress toward the consolidation of peace, not simply be measurements of international community inputs. Examples of key benchmarks that may be used to determine when to transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding include: * The **absence of violent conflict** and large-scale human rights abuses, and respect for women’s and minority rights. * **Completion of the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration** (DDR) of former combatants (male and female, adults, and children) and progress in restoring or establishing responsible State institutions for security. * The ability of the **national armed forces and the national police to provide security** and maintain public order with civilian oversight and respect for human rights. * **Progress towards the establishment of an independent and effective judiciary** and corrections system. * The **restoration of State authority** and the resumption of basic services throughout the country. * The **return or resettlement and reintegration of displaced persons** with minimal internal disruption or conflict in the areas of return or resettlement. * The **successful formation of legitimate political institutions** following the holding of free and fair elections where women and men have equal rights to vote and seek political office. It is important to note: * Benchmarks should be established through dialogue with national interlocutors. * The mission should seek multiple sources of validation regarding this progress. * Peacekeeping operations should resist the temptation to report overly optimistic assessments of progress against key benchmarks. * Depending on the evolving situation, it may be appropriate for the benchmarks to be amended over time. The transition from a UN peacekeeping operation to subsequent phases of UN engagement should be factored into the planning process from the outset, to clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of the various UN actors on the ground. The withdrawal of a peacekeeping operation should be planned and conducted in close consultation with all relevant partners and national stakeholders, to ensure minimal disruption of international programs and that the gains of the peace process are not lost.